EFL - Enciclopedia delle Famiglie Lombarde

'''Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.''' Svjatoslav I (915 – 972 ) era figlio di Igor e di Ol'ga. Principe Variago di Kiev. Regnò su l Rus' di Kiev dal 945 al 972 anche se fino al 962 rimase sotto la tut ela della madre Ol'ga. Sposò Malusha Lubech (nata a Kiev nel 943). N el 969 trasferì la sua residenza a Perejaslavec, sul Danubio, allo sc opo di dirigere meglio le azioni militari del suo esercito affidando a i figli il governo del Rus': Jaropolk ebbe Kiev, il fratello minore Ol eg Dereva e il figlio illegittimo Vladimir, Novgorod. Fino alla sua mo rte avvenuta nel 972 si oppose alla cristianizzazione dello stato. F u conosciuto come un principe guerriero e dedicò la maggior parte de l suo tempo di regno in campagne militari contro le tribù confinanti . I cronisti bizantini lo descrivono con metà testa rasata ed un gran de orecchino d'oro. Svjatoslav fu ucciso nel 972 durante una battagli a contro i Pecenghi. http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/RUSSIA,%20Rurik .htm SVIATOSLAV, son of IGOR [Ingvar] of Kiev & his wife Olga --- ([9 35/40]-killed in battle [Mar/May] 972). The ''De administrando imperio '' names "Sphendosthlabus Ingor Russiæ principis filius" [1]. The ''P rimary Chronicle'' names Sviatoslav as son of Olga [2]. His birth dat e is estimated on the assumption that he was a young adult when the '' De administrando imperio'' was compiled, before the death of Emperor K onstantinos VII in 959. According to the ''Primary Chronicle'' he "wa s but a child" in 946 [3]. At an early age, Sviatoslav´s father appea rs to have established him in the northern town of Gorodishche, whic h indicates a claim to overlordship of the northern Scandinavian settl ements. The place is called "Nemogardas" in the ''De administrando imp erio'' [4], which could be a corruption of Novgorod. He succeeded hi s father as SVIATOSLAV I Grand Prince of Kiev, under the regency of hi s mother. Kiev was besieged by the Pechenegs in 962 [5]. Ruling alon e by the mid-960s, Prince Sviatoslav launched a major attack against t he Khazars in 965, using the Pechenegs as allies [6]. He conquered th e entire middle Volga area and took control of the commercial centre s of Sarkel and Ityl [7]. Sviatoslav invaded the territory of the Bulg ars along the Danube in 967, having been invited to do so by Emperor N ikephoros Phokas, and established a base at Pereiaslavets on the Danub e delta [8]. It is not clear whether Pereiaslavets was the same plac e as Preslava, the Bulgarian capital, as Franklin & Shepard appear t o assume [9], or a different place which appears to be the basis on wh ich Fine writes [10]. Zonaras records that "Borises… Bulgarorum rex " reconquered Preslav but was defeated by "Sphendosthlavus Russorum du x" [11]. Faced with the perceived threat of invasion by Sviatoslav, Em peror Ioannes Tzimisces marched into Bulgaria, captured the capital, a nd negotiated Sviatoslav's withdrawal. During Sviatoslav's absence i n Bulgaria, the Pechenegs raided as far as Kiev. Fine points out tha t according to the ''Primary Chronicle'' the Bulgarians summoned the P echenegs to attack Kiev, without help from Byzantium [12]. The ''Prima ry Chronicle'' records that, on Sviatoslav´s return journey to Kiev w hile crossing the Dnieper river in Spring 972, he was attacked and kil led by the Pecheneg leader Kuria who reputedly made his skull into a c eremonial cup covered with gold [13]. This represents a curious echo o f the report in Paulus Diaconus according to which the skull of Alboi n King of the Lombards in Pannonia was allegedly made into a drinkin g cup after he was defeated and killed by Cunimund King of the Gepid s in 567 [14]. [1] Constantini Porphyrogeniti ''De Administrando Impe rio'', 9, p. 74. [2] Russian ''Primary Chronicle'' (1973), 948-955, p . 84. [3] Russian ''Primary Chronicle'' (1973), 946, p. 80. [4] Cons tantini Porphyrogeniti ''De Administrando Imperio'', 9, p. 74. [5] Ho rváth, András Pálóczi (1989) ''Pechenegs, Cumans, Iasians: Stepp e peoples in medieval Hungary'' (Corvina), p. 16. [6] Horváth (1989) , p. 16. [7] Chirovsky (1973), pp. 75-6, and Fine, J. V. A. (1991) '' The Early Medieval Balkans, A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the La te Twelfth Century'' (Ann Arbour, University of Michigan Press), p. 13 9. [8] Russian ''Primary Chronicle'' (1973), 967, pp. 84-5, and Frank lin & Shepard (1998), pp. 143, 146-47. [9] Franklin & Shepard (1998) , pp. 143, 146-47. [10] Fine (1991), p. 182-83. [11] Migne, J. P. (1 887) ''Ioannes Zonaræ Annales, Patrologiæ cursus completus'', Serie s Græca Tomus CXXXV (Paris) ("Zonaras II"), Liber XVII, II, col. 138 . [12] Fine (1991), p. 183. [13] Russian ''Primary Chronicle'' (1973 ), 972, p. 90. [14] Pauli ''Historia Langobardorum'' I.27, MGH SS re r Lang I, p. 69.