EFL - Enciclopedia delle Famiglie Lombarde

'''From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia''' Pepin (April 773 – 8 Ju ly 810) was the son of Charlemagne and king of Italy (781-810) under t he authority of his father. Pepin was the second son of Charlemagne b y his then-wife Hildegard.[1] He was born Carloman, but when his half- brother Pepin the Hunchback betrayed their father, the royal name Pepi n passed to him. He was made king of Italy after his father's conques t of the Lombards, in 781, and crowned by Pope Hadrian I with the Iro n Crown of Lombardy. He was active as ruler of Italy and worked to ex pand the Frankish empire. In 791, he marched a Lombard army into the D rava valley and ravaged Pannonia, while his father marched along the D anube into Avar territory. Charlemagne left the campaigning to deal wi th a Saxon revolt in 792. Pepin and Duke Eric of Friuli continued, how ever, to assault the Avars' ring-shaped strongholds. The great Ring o f the Avars, their capital fortress, was taken twice. The booty was se nt to Charlemagne in Aachen and redistributed to all his followers an d even to foreign rulers, including King Offa of Mercia. A celebrator y poem, De Pippine regis Victoria Avarica, was composed after Pepin fo rced the Avar khagan to submit in 796.[2] This poem was composed at Ve rona, Pepin's capital after 799 and the centre of Carolingian Renaissa nce literature in Italy. The Versus de Verona (c.800), an urban encomi um of the city, likewise praises king Pepin.[3] His activities includ ed a long, but unsuccessful siege of Venice in 810. The siege lasted s ix months and Pepin's army was ravaged by the diseases of the local sw amps and was forced to withdraw. A few months later Pepin died. He ma rried Bertha, whose ancestry is not known from any reliable source alt hough spuriously she has been called the daughter of William of Gellon e, count of Toulouse. He and Bertha had five daughters : (Adelaide, ma rried Lambert I of Nantes; Atala; Gundrada; Bertha; and Tetrada), al l of whom but the eldest were born between 800 and Pepin's death and d ied before their grandfather's death in 814. Pepin also had an illegit imate son Bernard. Pepin was expected to inherit a third of his father 's empire, but he predeceased him. The Italian crown passed on to hi s son Bernard, but the empire went to Pepin's younger brother Louis th e Pious. '''Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.''' Pipino era il t erzo figlio di Carlo Magno, il secondo avuto dalla moglie Ildegarda. A lla nascita gli venne imposto il nome Carlomanno, ma il nome reale Pip ino passò a lui quando suo fratello Pipino il Gobbo venne giudicato i nabile alla guida della nazione in quanto malformato. Ciò avvenne nel l'occasione del suo battesimo in san Pietro, quando fu nominato re d'I talia dopo la vittoria di suo padre sui Longobardi del 781 ed incorona to da Papa Adriano I con la Corona Ferrea. Fu assai attivo in Itali a per espandere l'Impero franco. Nel 788-789 si impossessò stabilment e dell'Istria, e nel 791 condusse il suo esercito nella valle della Dr ava e saccheggiò la Pannonia, mentre il padre marciava, seguendo il c orso del Danubio, nel territorio degli Avari. Carlo Magno fu poi costr etto ad abbandonare l'impresa per affrontare l'insurrezione sassone de l 792. Pipino e il duca Eric del Friuli continuarono comunque ad attac care le fortificazioni degli Avari costruite a forma di anello. Il gra nde Anello degli Avari, la fortezza principale fu espugnata due volte , il bottino fu inviato a Carlo Magno ad Aquisgrana e distribuito a tu tti i suoi seguaci e persino a governanti stranieri, compreso il re Of fa di Mercia. Tra le imprese di Pipino è da ricordare anche il disas troso attacco alla laguna di Venezia, allora territorio bizantino ma d i fatto indipendente. Esistono tuttavia due versioni differenti riguar danti la sconfitta dei Franchi. Secondo la storiografia veneziana, Pip ino, occupato il porto di Albiola, organizzò una flotta per conquista re la laguna (allora ancora non esisteva la vera Venezia), ma gli asse diati, ritiratosi nelle isole più interne, come Rialto, aspettarono c he le grandi navi franche si arenassero nelle secche lagunari per po i attaccarle con piccole e leggere imbarcazioni, bruciando la flott a e massacrando l'esercito nemico - da cui il toponimo canale dell'Orf ano. La versione francese narra invece che Pipino, conquistata la lagu na stava per ritornare in Francia, quando intervenne una flotta bizant ina che sconfisse gli invasori costringendoli alla resa. In entramb i i casi, Pipino si ammalò poco dopo per l'insalubrità delle palud i e e morì. Una tradizione locale racconta che il decesso avvenne a P ietrasecca, dove in precedenza fondò un castello. Pipino aveva sposa to Berta, figlia di Guglielmo di Gellone, Conte di Tolosa ed aveva avu to cinque figlie da lei (Adelaide, Atala, Gundrada, Berta e Tetrada) n ate tutte, tranne la maggiore, tra l'800 e la sua morte e morte prim a della morte del nonno nel 814. Pipino era destinato ad ereditare u n terzo dell'impero paterno, ma morì prima di lui. La corona d'Itali a passò ad un suo figlio illegittimo, Bernardo, avuto da Ingeltrude ( figlia di Bernardo, figlio a sua volta di Carlo Martello) ma l'imper o andò al fratello più giovane di Pipino, Luigi il Pio. http://fmg .ac/Projects/MedLands/ITALY,%20Kings%20to%20962.htm CARLOMAN [Pepin] , son of CHARLES I King of the Franks & his second wife Hildegard (777 -Milan 8 Jul 810, bur Verona, San Zeno Maggiore). "Pippinus" is named , and his parentage recorded, in the ''Gesta Mettensium'', which speci fies that he was his parents' second son [''Pauli Gesta Episcop. Mette nsium'', MGH SS II, p. 265]. He was baptised "PEPIN" in Rome 15 Apr 78 1 by Pope Hadrian, Settipani commenting that his name was changed fro m Carloman [Settipani (1993), p. 211] but the primary source which ide ntifies him by this name has not so far been identified. He was crowne d PEPIN King of Italy 15 Apr 781 at Rome [RFA 781, p. 59], named Kin g of the Lombards and installed at Pavia, ruling under the regency o f Adalhard. He invaded the duchy of Benevento in early 793. The 796 vi ctory of "rex Pippinus" against the Avars led by "Cacanus rex" (whic h reflects the title "Khagan" not his name) is commemorated in a conte mporary poem [''Tituli Sæculi VIII, XI De Pippini regis Victoria Avar ica'', MGH Poetæ Latini ævi Carolini I, p. 116]. The ''Annales Fulde nses'' record that "Ehericum ducem Foroiuliensem, deinde… Pippinum f ilium regis" captured the camp of "Hunorum… Hringum" in 796, specify ing that "Cagan et Iugurro principibus Hunorum" were killed by their o wn people [''Annales Fuldenses'' 796, MGH SS I, p. 351]. At the partit ion of the empire agreed at Thionville in 806, Pepin was designated so vereign of Italy, Bavaria, Carinthia (except Nordgau) and Alemannia so uth of the River Danube. He subjugated Istria, the towns of Dalmatia , and Venice in [810] [Settipani (1993), p. 211]. The ''Annales Fulden ses'' record the death "810 VIII Id Iul" of "Pippinum filius eius rege m Italiæ" [''Annales Fuldenses'' 810, MGH SS I, p. 355]. The ''Annale s Sancti Emmerammi'' record the death "810 Id Iul" of "Pippinus" [''An nales Sancti Emmerammi Ratisponensis maiores'' 810, MGH SS I, p. 93] . Mistress (1): (from [795]) --- . Thegan's ''Vita Hludowici Imperator is'' records that Pepin's son Bernard was born "… ex concubina" [''T hegani Vita Hludowici Imperatoris'' 22, MGH SS II, p. 596]. However, o ther sources do not refer to the fact that he was illegitimate. The qu estion is not beyond doubt. Assuming that he was illegitimate, the nam e of King Pepin's mistress is not known. Settipani quotes a name lis t in the Liber confraternitatum augiensis which reads "Karolus maior d omus, Pippin rex, Karlomannus maior domus, Karolus imperator, Karolu s rex, Pippin rex, Bernardus rex, Ruadtrud, Ruadheid, Svanahild regina , Bertha regina, Hiltikart regina, Fastrat regina, Liutkart regina, Ru adheid, Hirminkar regina" [Settipani (1993), pp. 167-8, quoting ''Libe r confraternitatum augiensis'', MGH Lib Confr II, 460, p. 292]. He mak es the obvious links between "Karolus maior domus… Svanahild regina" , "Pippin rex… Bertha regina" and "Karolus imperator… Hiltikart re gina, Fastrat regina, Liutkart regina", deducing that the last named " Ruadheid" must be linked logically to "Pippin rex". However, this lin k is not inevitable. It is based on three assumptions: firstly that th e second "Pippin rex" was Pepin King of Italy (he is the most likely c andidate, but it could also be Pepin King of Aquitaine, son of Empero r Louis I); secondly that there are no female names linked either to " Karolus rex" or to "Bernardus rex", which cannot be proved; and thirdl y, that all the females listed were partners of the males listed, whic h is certainly not the case in view of the absence of Emperor Loui s I "le Pieux" who is assumed to be the husband of "Hirminkar regina" . Rösch suggests Bertha as the possible name of King Pepin's wife, ci ting Stromeyer [Rösch, S. (1977) ''Caroli Magni Progenies'' (Verlag D egener & Co, Neustadt an der Aisch), p. 67, citing Stromeyer, M. (1963 /67) ''Merian-Ahnen aus dreizehn Jahrhunderten'' (C.A. Starke)]. Setti pani suggests that she was a close relative of Adalhard Abbé de Corbi e and his half-brother Wala to explain the appointment of the former a s regent for her son Bernard King of Italy in 813. King Pepin had on e illegitimate child by Mistress (1): 1. BERNARD ([797]-Mila n 17 Aug 818, bur Milan, San Ambrosio). King Pepin had five [illegiti mate] children by [Mistress (1)]. Einhard, who names these daughters , makes no mention of whether they were legitimate or not. If they wer e illegitimate, it is not known whether they were full sisters of Bern ard.